Waihanga Mātātoko o ngā Puna e Hangaia ana i ngā Awa Wai Rere Ataahua

Te Kaupapa Pūtaiao i Te Tīra o ngā Puna Rere Mātātoko

Te mārama ki te rere mātātoko ki te rere parihaukihuki ki ngā pūnaha wai

Ina rere te wai māmā ki ngā paraka tūwāhi, kāore he nuinga whakawhitinga, ka tīkangia e mātou hei rere tūwāhi i ngā pūnaha punawai. He tino rerekē tēnei i te rere pōpōri i reira ka hangaia e te wai ngā karuwhā karahipi me ngā karuwhā hāngai. Ka neke atu ngā mātai ao i tēnei rerekētanga mā te whakamahi i te mea e kiia nei ko te tau Reynolds, te Re mokowhiti. Ko te tauira Re e ōrite ana ki te tere multiplied by te tōrunga o te taputapu e wehe ana ki te kinematic viscosity, engari ko te nuinga o ngā tāngata e mahara ana anake ki ngā wāhi mutunga. I ngā tikanga, ka hua te rere tūwāhi ina tu ana te Re i raro i te 2000, ā, ka pōpōri ngā mea ina tata anō te Re ki te 4000. Tirohia ngā punawai inu māmā hei tauira, e rere ana rātou i te 10,000 Re e mārama ai te rere o te wai. Engari ko ngā punawai rere tūwāhi kua hoahoa motuhake kia iti ake i te Re 500. I tētahi rangahau i te tau 2012 i tirohia ngā punawai axisymmetrical ā, i kitea ko te āhua o ngā noho wai kei te wāhi matua mō te pupuri i ērā rere tika, rere tika o te wai e rite ana ki ngā pou kāriki e heke mai ana.

Ngā mātai o te arataki o ngā waiarata rere noa i te rere tū

Ko te pūmau o te rere tū e tāwhai ana ki ētahi mea e toru matua: te nekeneke o te wai, te tere o te rere, me te āhua o te pīpoi. Hei tauira ko te wai he 0.89 mm tapawhā pea ia sekone i te kōpae, e āwhina ai i te rere kia pūmau ina heke ake i te 0.3 mita ia sekone. Ko ngā mātai hau e whakauru ana i ngā taputapu motuhake ki mua atu i ngā parirau, ēnei pea he hanganga puawhara, tētahi rākau parirau rānei e herea ana hei aukati i ngā karuwha. Mō ngā hua pai rawa atu mō te rere tū, he nui ngā kaimātai e whakaatu ana kia whakamahia ngā pīpoi PVC noa iho e 16 te roa ake i te tōraro. Ka hoatu tēnei ki te wai he wāhi anuanu ki te pūmau, ki te rere kia ū ki te punaha kia kaua e rere huritao.

Te pānga o te āhua o te pīpoi ki ngā rere noa o ngā karuwha tū

Te eke ki ngā tau o Reynolds hei mahi pātata pai

Ina hoahoa ana i ngā pūpahi, me mahi tahi ngā mohineita ki ētahi tauira pēnei i te tauira matua mō ngā tātaitanga o te tau Re: ko te Re e whā ngā waeine ranei o te aronui o te karuwha e wehe ana ki pi kia whakarewa ai te ūnga kinematic me te tōke roa. Tirohia te tauira e 5 litra inia he miniti e rere ana mā ērā hauwaru 4 mm e kitea ana tata ki te nuinga. Ina whakaurua ngā tau ka hua mai te 1,200 neke atu rānei ina tātaihia te Re e (4 × 0.083 kg/s) e wehea ana ki (pi × 0.89e-6 m tapawhā per second × 0.004 mita). Nā te mea kei raro ake i te 2000 tēnei hua, arā pea ka rere tonu te wai kāore he pāwera. Kia mau tonu te mahi, ka whakarerekē i ngā tere pampi ngā kaimahi pūpahi, i ngā here ranei i ngā wā e kitea ana e tata ana te punaha ki te āhuatanga matua i waenganui i te rere āhuatanga me te rere pāwera.

Ngā Wae Pūtake me te Mohineitanga o ngā Pūpahi Rere Tū

Ngā Tīpuna, ngā Pampi, me ngā Tapatoru Rere: Te Whai Mohineitanga i te Awa Tino Pai

Ko te māgika i muri i ngā pūpahi wai ārangi he mahi inihini tino pono. Ko ngā paraihe mātātoko kei roto he pāpaku anuanu, e 10 ki te 18 mirimita nehe rānei te whānui, e whakarārangi ana i ngā pārtihikara wai kia rere tahi rātou engari kaua e pekapeka ai ka hāngai ai te turakina. Me whakauru kōpae kaha kia rere ai te wai i te 2 ki te 6 mita whatianga ia hāora. Kei reira hoki ētahi kāripi tāwāhi māmā, e ahua nuihunui ana, e tangohia ana i te karuwha e toe ana i te wai. Kua tūhono katoa ēnei wāhanga kia pūpahi ai tētahi arataki kākā pai, ka taea te toro i te toru ki te rima mita, kāore i tērā pea te pakaru, ā, ahakoa he hau e puia ana i waho.

Te Tūmanako o ngā Au PVC me ngā Paraihe ki te Whakarite i te Rere Tūponotia

Kāore ngā pīpoi PVC e kī ana ki te waho māmā hei whakaiti i ngā raru hōpūkanga, ā, ka pupuri i te rere o ngā wai kia kore e pakaru. Mā te tāpiri i ngā rorohiko āwhina—ēnei atamira iti e takotoria ana tuatahi i mua i ngā paraihe—ka pai ake te mahi o ēnei pūnaha ki te pupuri i te rere ū ū o ngā wai mōhao atu i ngā pīpoi mētara tawhito. E whakaatu ana ngā whakamātautau i te mara, ina tukuna tika ai, ko te takotoranga o ngā pīpoi PVC me ēnei rorohiko āwhina ka taea te penapena i ngā rerekētanga rere ki te 92% pea, arā, he iti ake ngā raru ka tū mai ki muri. Anō, mā te mea kāore te PVC e pāwera pērā me te mētara, ka pupuri tonu i tana mahi pai ahakoa he makariri (5°C), ahakoa he wera (40°C). He mea nui tēnei kaha ki ngā whare e whakahaeratia ana i ngā huringa āhuarangi e rerekē ana i te tau.

Te whakauru i te Rama LED hei Whakanui i te Hono Aho-Wai

Ko ngā awa pae āhua tōna mārama e mahi ana rātou pērā i ngā arataki arotini. Ina whakaurua ngā LED ki ēnei punanga, ka hua ngā āhua kiriata hiko e pīroia ana ngā tāngata. Mō ngā hua pai rawa, me whakaputangia ngā kapa whakaata RGB e 15 ki te 20 cm ki raro i te wāhi e wehe ai ngā tapumi. Ko te tūranga nei ka āwhina kia piki te aha o te aha i te wā e manaaki ana i te wera kia kaua e tipu ki te awa wai. Ko te mea e pīroia ana ko te huritau o ngā tae e huri ana i te haerenga mai i te kore ki te katoa i roto i heke ake i te hawhe hēkona, kaua e whakararu i te rere. Ka nui te mahi ake o ēnei tohatoha mō ngā whakamahinga whare e hiahiatia ana ngā kitenga māmari me te mahi tata.

Ngā Āhua Tirohanga me ngā Whakamahinga Toi o ngā Awa Pae

Te Āhua Kōpae Rākau me te Arataki Pērā I te Kiriata Hiko i ngā Awa Wai

Ko ngā pūpahi arataki e hoatu ana i taua āhua ripa hiri rākau nā te whakakore i ngā tahumaero katoa. Ko te aha e āhua ana ko te wai e hanga ana i ēnei pou anuanu, kore pakaru e pehia ana, e hāmiri ana i te ao tino maroi. Ina rere te wai ki roto i ēnei takotoranga whakapaerenga tōpū ki ngā tere kei raro i ngā mita 2 ia sekene, ka tīmata tētahi mea hira. Ko ēnei awauna e mahi ana āhuatia pērā i ngā miro paraharaha, e kawe ana i te ao LED mō tētahi taura tairua tekau mā rima ki ngā tūmau hokohoko. Kua whakaatu ētahi rangahau hou mō ngā arataki o te wai kua taea e ngā hoahoa pūpahi ināianei te hanga i ēnei tuhuratanga ataata, pērā noa i ngā tuhura neon, mā te tākarotanga i te wai me te ao anake, kāore he hiahia ki ngā matēriera hangarau.

Te Waihanga i te Whakaahuritanga Wai Peke mā te Whakahaere Rere Tika

Ina hāngai ngā mohineera i te tau o Reynolds ki raro i te 2,000, ka taea e rātou te hanga i ngā pūpahi wai e rere pana ana mai i tētahi wāhi ki tētahi atu wāhi i te rangi, ā, ka whakapono te tangata ko te wai e pekapeka ana i te wātea. Ki te whai i tēnei mahi, me ngā paraihe motuhake hei whakapa kia tika te rereketanga, me ngā paraihe hoki e whakahaeretia ana e ngā pihini e iti ake i te 40 psi kia kaua e pakaru te rere wai i tana haerenga. Kua timata ētahi wāhi pērā i ngā pā pōrekareka, ngā hōtuku hoki ki te whakauru i ēnei araki wai ki ō rātou whakangāhau, ka hangaia e rātou ngā tūhuratanga e kitea ai ngā manuhiri ko te wai e pakaru ana i te tōnuitanga o te pōkai. Kei ētahi o ēnei whakaaturanga anō hoki e taea ana e ngā manuhiri te whakawhitinga atu me te wai e rere ana i tana ara i waenganui i ngā wāhi.

Ngā Pānga Wai Tūhuratanga mō te Toi me te Whare-Tārai

Ēnei rā, kei te nuinga o ngā tohu hou he aua atamira LED e taea ai te whirihora e hāngai ana ki te ara o te wai, ka huri i ngā āhuatanga wai noa hei mahi toi nekeneke. Kua maru nui ētahi mūrahi, ka whakamahia ēnei awa wai laminar māmā hei ekata kiriata maamaa, teitei ake rānei i te whakaatu i ngā whatu parapara e noho ana, e māmā ana ki te mārama. I tētahi reo takotoranga i te tau ki muri ka pātai ki ngā kaiwhakawhitiwhiti whenua mō ō rātou hiahia, ā, ko 78 ki te 100 pea i mea ana e herekore ana te rere wai laminar ina hoahoa ana i ngā tohu wai hou e hiahiatia ai te inihua pūtaiao tika me tētahi mea ātaahua ki te karu. He tika ia anō, nā te mea e hiahia ana ngā tāngata kia pai te āhua o ō rātou pūwai, engari me mahi hoki tika kia kaua ngā riu taraweti e whakamaruru ana i ngā mea katoa.

Te Taurite i te Ataahua Toi me te Herenga Rarangitanga Inihua

Ko ngā puna wai ā-hinengaro he mea ataahua ana, engari kāore i te iti te mahi ki te tika i te whakarāwekanga. Ahakoa ko te muhū iti noa rānei o te 0.5 mm ki te parerārā e hinga ai te katoa, ka pāngia takirua te arawa. Inaianei ko te nuinga o ngā hoahoa matarautanga e horoi ana i te tauira mōhio hiko irapewa hei whakamātau i te pae o ō rātou hoahoa ki ngā tikanga katoa. Ka whakahaere rātou i ngā whakamimiti mō ngā taumata hūmata, ngā tere hau, ngā panonitanga o te kaha mata... kei te tīkanga koe. Ko te mea hihiri ko te takotoranga o te inihua hinengaro me te toi e torotoro ana i ngā rohe hou i ngā puna wai ā-papa. Kua kitea e mātou i ngā wāhi tūmatanui he nui ake te āhua āki ake, he nui ake te whakawhitinga o ngā tohu wai e pā ana ki ēnei whanaketanga.

Te Whakauru Ā-Paparahi me te Whenua o ngā Puna Wai Rere Urutā

E hono ana ngā pūpahi rere tata ki te inuhi pūkaha me te āhua māmā, ka uru kīato ana ki ngā taiao hanga hoki me ngā taiwhenua tūturu. Ko te iti o te whanakatanga o ō rātou wai, me ngā rere wai āhuarangi e pai ana mō te whakapai ake i ngā wāhi whare, ā, kei te mau tonu hoki te mahi.

Ngā Tāpiritanga Roto i ngā Hekeretari, ngā Whare Pūpahi, me ngā Kōrero

Ka whakamahia e ngā kaihoahoa te hangarau rere tata hei waihanga i ngā wāhi mataara roa i roto i ngā taiao rerehua arataki. I kite tētahi rangahau Tauānga Awhiwhi Wai 2023 ko ngā tāpiritanga rere tata i ngā kōrero whare pūpahi reka i whakapakari ai i te uara o te wāhi 18% nā:

• Te whakangāhau māmā e kore ai e whakaputa raru i te ririhau wai
• Te ahunga mātau o te kikoata i te ao e whakapai ake ana i ngā hoahoa ao takotoranga
• Te iti rawa o te paripari wai e tiaki ana i ngā taputapu hiko me ngā paparua

Kua pau anō ngā hēkeretari, me ngā utu tiakiiti 23% iti ake i ngā pūpahi unuunuinga tuku iho (Facility Management Quarterly 2022).

Te Urutanga Taiepa i ngā Wāhi Tūmatanui me ngā Plazā Tāone

Ko ngā kaihoahoa tāone e whakaputangia ana i ngā pūwera arataki rerehua hei huarahi ki te huri i ngā paraka noa ki ngā toi taunaha mātakitaki. Ko ēnei pou wai e rite ana ki te karuwha, ka tino pai te takirua me te kōmarurua, ā, kāore i āhua ki te hau nui, nā reira he mea pai ki te pupuri i tō rātou āhua tonu ki ngā wāhi wānanga. E ai ki ngā rangahau a AECOM i te tau 2022, ko te nuinga o te tangata e noho ana i te rohe e 31 ōrite ake te roa i ngā wāhi e noho ana ngā whakapaipai wai noho iho ana i ngā wāhi e noho ana anake ngā wai. Ko te whanaungatanga pea ka hāngai tino ki ngā wāhi tāone e hiahia ana ki te tango i ngā manuhiri, ā, ki te waihanga i ngā āhuatanga ora.

Mai i ngā kamupene marautanga ki ngā rohe hītori, ka whakaae tēnei hangarau ki ngā here tikanga, ā, ka tutuki hoki i ngā paerewa whakapau wai. Kua whanaketia ngā matērau e āki ana ki te ruru, ā, koina ka taea te whakauru mā te tau katoa ki ngā āhuarangi mataora, ā, kua whānui ake ngā rohe tūmatanui e 40% mai i te tau 2020.

Ngā vantepara Whakahaere: Iti te Parea, Kia Rongoa te Mahi

He aha ngā puna rere urutā e iti ana te pahū me te ririhau

Ko ngā puna rere urutā e tino māmā ake ana nā te rere o te wai ki ngā tau Reynolds heke ake i te 2,000. Ki ēnei uara iti ake, ko ngā kaha parurenga e pupuri ana i ngā mea kia kaua e rerehua, kia kaua hoki e rere takirua. Ko ngā whiwhinga uara hoki e tino whakamānawa ana, me ngā pihini e mahi ana i te 40 ki te 60 ōrau iti ake i te mea e mahi ana i ngā puna takirua noa. Mō te hoahoa, ko ngā parerarua āhuatanga motuhake e hanga ana i ngā ripa wai māmā māmā, kaua ko te whakaputangia haunga, arā anō te take o te pahū hewaitekai. Ā, mō te whakahaere ririhau, ko te whakaputa i ngā pihini ki heke ake i te 800 RPM ka heke ai ngā titikotiko ki heke ake i te 100 Hz, nō reira ka noho heke ake i te 50 decibels te puna katoa. I whakaatu mai ngā rangahau tēnei, ko ēnei tere iti ake ka rāwekenga hoki i te warewarenga o ngā wae tapahi māmā i te wā roa.

Ngā painga a te kaiwhakamahi ki ngā taiao toa tūmatanui

Ko ngā pūpahi rere taraweti kei ngā wāhi taupua me ngā whare karuwha e pupuri ana i te riri paruru i raro ake i te takea e 55 e tohutohu ana te Tari Hauora o te Ao, āe rā pea i te wa e toro ana ngā tāngata ki te taha. E ai ki tētahi tātari hou i te tau 2023 e titiro ana ki ngā wāhi takitahi, nui ake te manawanui o te hunga haere mai ki ēnei wāhi (neke atu i te 89%) mō ngā pūpahi taraweti i te nuinga atu i ngā pūpahi tūauru. Anō hoki, he iti ake te maha o ngā waahinga me ngā tōrunga – he iti ake pea te 72% te maha o ngā ripoata. Nā te mea kāore ēnei pūpahi hōu e pakaru i te wai ki nga taha, ka taea te noho tata tonu ki te taha o ngā wāhi noho kia kaua ai he raru, ā, kāore e taea ana tēnei ki ngā hoahoa pūpahi tawhito. Ka pai ai ēnei mō ngā wāhi e hiahiatia ai ngā kōrero maamaa, pērā i ngā hākari, ngā karuwha wharepōrirī rānei, i reira e hiahiatia ana e ngā kiritaki kia rongo i ā rātou kōrero mā runga i ngā inu, i ngā hui pakihi rānei.

FAQ

He aha te rere taraweti i ngā punaha pūpahi?

Ko te rerehua parareka te tikanga o te rere tūpuna, tūhono o ngā takotoranga wai i ngā pūnaha puna, e kitea ana i te wehe atu ki te rere kikiroro kei reira ngā karuwha whakapōkai me ngā karuwha.

Me pēhea e honoa ai te tau o Reynolds ki ngā puna rere parareka?

Ko te tau o Reynolds e āwhina ana i te whakataunga i te momo rere; ka rere parareka ina heke iho i te 2000 te tau o Reynolds, ā, ka timata te rere kikiroro i runga ake i te 4000. Ko ngā puna rere parareka i hangaia kia noho heke iho i te Re 500.

He aha te take e whai rārangi LED ngā puna rere parareka?

Whai rārangi LED ngā puna rere parareka mō ngā hua whakaahua kounga ake. Ko te maarama me te arataki rite ki te miro kiriko o ngā rere parareka e taea ai ngā tauira māmā me ngā panonitanga tae.

He aha ngā painga o ngā puna rere parareka ki ngā taiao tohutohu?

Ka whakaroa ngā puna rere parareka i te pakipaki me te ru, ka whakanui ake i te wheako kaiwhiltri ki ngā wāhi tūmatanui. Ka mahi ratou i te waero, ka whakaiti i te tukatuka wai, ka tiaki i ngā hiko me ngā paparanga e noho ana.